{"id":19697,"date":"2026-06-18T12:57:43","date_gmt":"2026-06-18T10:57:43","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/ultimabozza.it\/otzis-mummy-is-alive-in-the-microbial-sense-of-the-word\/"},"modified":"2026-06-18T15:54:18","modified_gmt":"2026-06-18T13:54:18","slug":"otzis-mummy-is-alive-in-the-microbial-sense-of-the-word","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/ultimabozza.it\/en\/otzis-mummy-is-alive-in-the-microbial-sense-of-the-word\/","title":{"rendered":"\u00d6tzi&#8217;s mummy is alive\u2014in the microbial sense of the word."},"content":{"rendered":"\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">The cold storage room at the Bolzano Archaeological Museum is set at \u22126 \u00b0C. Yet something is growing on <strong>\u00d6tzi\u2019s<\/strong> skin. <a href=\"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/article\/10.1186\/s40168-026-02417-6\">This was confirmed by<\/a> a study published in June 2026 in the scientific journal <em>*Microbiome* by <\/em>researchers at the Institute for the Study of Mummies at Eurac Research. <strong>Europe\u2019s most famous mummy<\/strong>\u2014a man who lived between 3300 and 3100 BCE and was discovered in 1991 on the glaciers of the Senales Valley\u2014is not an inert artifact. <strong>His body is home to bacteria dating back to the Copper Age and modern microorganisms that, despite the extreme cold, show signs of biological activity<\/strong>. <\/p>\n\n<h3 id=\"h-dentro-e-fuori\" class=\"wp-block-heading\">Inside and Outside<\/h3>\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">The researchers analyzed dozens of samples: the ice covering the body\u2019s exterior, the water inside the mummy, swabs taken from twelve different points on the skin\u2019s surface, and fragments of muscle tissue. For comparison, they also used soil collected at the Tisa Pass in 1991, at the time of the discovery. <\/p>\n\n<figure class=\"wp-block-image size-full\"><img fetchpriority=\"high\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"425\" height=\"580\" src=\"https:\/\/ultimabozza.it\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/06\/Mummia_uomo_del_Similaun_sulle_Alpi_italiane_1991.jpg\" alt=\"\" class=\"wp-image-19684\" srcset=\"https:\/\/ultimabozza.it\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/06\/Mummia_uomo_del_Similaun_sulle_Alpi_italiane_1991.jpg 425w, https:\/\/ultimabozza.it\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/06\/Mummia_uomo_del_Similaun_sulle_Alpi_italiane_1991-220x300.jpg 220w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 425px) 100vw, 425px\" \/><\/figure>\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">What emerges is a distinction between the inside and the outside. <strong>Bacteria that were present in \u00d6tzi\u2019s intestines and colon five thousand years ago<\/strong>, when he was alive, <strong>still survive there today<\/strong>. Their DNA bears the marks of time\u2014chemically altered in the way typical of very ancient material\u2014and bears no resemblance to the gut microbiome of modern humans. It offers a direct window into the bacterial ecosystem of the Copper Age. On the skin, however, the situation is very different.  <\/p>\n\n<h3 id=\"h-lieviti-attivi\" class=\"wp-block-heading\">Active Yeast<\/h3>\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">On the surface of the body, researchers found and cultured in the laboratory four species of yeast adapted to extreme cold: <strong><em>Glaciozyma watsonii, Mrakia robertii, Phenoliferia glacialis, and <\/em>a species of <em>Gofeauzyma<\/em><\/strong>. These organisms are normally associated with glacial environments such as the Arctic and Antarctica. Their presence on \u00d6tzi is not surprising: they almost certainly originated from the glacier where the body remained for millennia.  <\/p>\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">What&#8217;s surprising is that they&#8217;re still active. By comparing skin samples taken in 2010 and 2019, the researchers found that one of these yeasts, <em>Glaciozyma<\/em>, has become increasingly abundant over time, rising from 85% to 98% of the skin fungal community. Its DNA in the most recent sample is intact, not degraded\u2014a sign that the cells are reproducing, not dying.  <\/p>\n\n<h3 id=\"h-il-fenolo-che-ha-fatto-da-selezione-naturale\" class=\"wp-block-heading\">The phenol that acted as a natural selection mechanism<\/h3>\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">There\u2019s a story within the story. Immediately after its discovery in 1991, the body was treated with a phenol-based solution to halt fungal growth. An understandable choice in an emergency, but one with unforeseen consequences: the yeasts now dominant on \u00d6tzi\u2019s skin are precisely those capable of breaking down phenol, using it as a nutrient. The disinfectant eliminated the sensitive microorganisms and favored the resistant ones\u2014which have survived. Something similar happened with the sterile water periodically sprayed onto the body to maintain humidity. This water introduced bacteria resistant to standard sterilization treatments, which, after 2010, spread across the mummy\u2019s entire outer surface.      <\/p>\n\n<h3 id=\"h-il-rischio-per-i-tessuti\" class=\"wp-block-heading\">The risk to tissues<\/h3>\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Some of the identified bacteria carry genes that produce enzymes capable of degrading collagen, the protein that forms the structure of the skin and connective tissues. The psychrophilic yeasts found on the surface, in turn, possess the genetic makeup to break down fats and proteins. The study does not claim that \u00d6tzi is decomposing. It states that the microorganisms present have the means to do so, and that at \u22126 \u00b0C, the line between dormancy and activity is more subtle than previously thought.   <\/p>\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">The researchers propose regular genomic monitoring: periodic analyses of the microbial community, using samples taken from the meltwater during routine maintenance operations, without touching the tissues. &#8220;Conservation,&#8221; the authors write, &#8220;must move beyond static preservation toward proactive monitoring.&#8221; <\/p>\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\"><\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"<p>A genomic analysis by Eurac Research reveals intact Copper Age bacteria in the gut and active glacial yeasts on the skin. Some of these may degrade tissues <\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":35,"featured_media":19698,"comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"open","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"googlesitekit_rrm_CAowscnaCw:productID":"","_app_feed_target":"","footnotes":""},"categories":[1626],"tags":[1979],"class_list":["post-19697","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","has-post-thumbnail","hentry","category-science","tag-science"],"yoast_head":"<!-- This site is optimized with the Yoast SEO Premium plugin v26.5 (Yoast SEO v26.5) - https:\/\/yoast.com\/wordpress\/plugins\/seo\/ -->\n<title>\u00d6tzi&#039;s mummy is alive\u2014in the microbial sense of the word. &#8226; Ultima Bozza<\/title>\n<meta name=\"description\" content=\"A genomic analysis by Eurac Research reveals intact Copper Age bacteria in the gut and active glacial yeasts on the skin. Some of these may degrade tissues\" \/>\n<meta name=\"robots\" content=\"index, follow, max-snippet:-1, max-image-preview:large, max-video-preview:-1\" \/>\n<link rel=\"canonical\" href=\"https:\/\/ultimabozza.it\/en\/otzis-mummy-is-alive-in-the-microbial-sense-of-the-word\/\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:locale\" content=\"en_US\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:type\" content=\"article\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:title\" content=\"\u00d6tzi&#039;s mummy is alive\u2014in the microbial sense of the word. &#8226; Ultima Bozza\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:description\" content=\"A genomic analysis by Eurac Research reveals intact Copper Age bacteria in the gut and active glacial yeasts on the skin. Some of these may degrade tissues\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:url\" content=\"https:\/\/ultimabozza.it\/en\/otzis-mummy-is-alive-in-the-microbial-sense-of-the-word\/\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:site_name\" content=\"Ultima Bozza\" \/>\n<meta property=\"article:publisher\" content=\"https:\/\/www.facebook.com\/ultimabozza\/\" \/>\n<meta property=\"article:published_time\" content=\"2026-06-18T10:57:43+00:00\" \/>\n<meta property=\"article:modified_time\" content=\"2026-06-18T13:54:18+00:00\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:image\" content=\"https:\/\/ultimabozza.it\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/06\/Otzi-Quinson-1.jpg\" \/>\n\t<meta property=\"og:image:width\" content=\"600\" \/>\n\t<meta property=\"og:image:height\" content=\"428\" \/>\n\t<meta property=\"og:image:type\" content=\"image\/jpeg\" \/>\n<meta name=\"author\" content=\"Riccardo Liguori\" \/>\n<meta name=\"twitter:card\" content=\"summary_large_image\" \/>\n<meta name=\"twitter:creator\" content=\"@ultimabozza\" \/>\n<meta name=\"twitter:site\" content=\"@ultimabozza\" \/>\n<meta name=\"twitter:label1\" content=\"Written by\" \/>\n\t<meta name=\"twitter:data1\" content=\"Riccardo Liguori\" \/>\n\t<meta name=\"twitter:label2\" content=\"Est. reading time\" \/>\n\t<meta name=\"twitter:data2\" content=\"3 minutes\" \/>\n<script type=\"application\/ld+json\" class=\"yoast-schema-graph\">{\"@context\":\"https:\/\/schema.org\",\"@graph\":[{\"@type\":\"Article\",\"@id\":\"https:\/\/ultimabozza.it\/en\/otzis-mummy-is-alive-in-the-microbial-sense-of-the-word\/#article\",\"isPartOf\":{\"@id\":\"https:\/\/ultimabozza.it\/en\/otzis-mummy-is-alive-in-the-microbial-sense-of-the-word\/\"},\"author\":{\"name\":\"Riccardo Liguori\",\"@id\":\"https:\/\/ultimabozza.it\/en\/#\/schema\/person\/831c7f9e2ea1901e1b151a723305668e\"},\"headline\":\"\u00d6tzi&#8217;s mummy is alive\u2014in the microbial sense of the word.\",\"datePublished\":\"2026-06-18T10:57:43+00:00\",\"dateModified\":\"2026-06-18T13:54:18+00:00\",\"mainEntityOfPage\":{\"@id\":\"https:\/\/ultimabozza.it\/en\/otzis-mummy-is-alive-in-the-microbial-sense-of-the-word\/\"},\"wordCount\":615,\"publisher\":{\"@id\":\"https:\/\/ultimabozza.it\/en\/#organization\"},\"image\":{\"@id\":\"https:\/\/ultimabozza.it\/en\/otzis-mummy-is-alive-in-the-microbial-sense-of-the-word\/#primaryimage\"},\"thumbnailUrl\":\"https:\/\/ultimabozza.it\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/06\/Otzi-Quinson-1.jpg\",\"keywords\":[\"science\"],\"articleSection\":[\"Science\"],\"inLanguage\":\"en-US\",\"copyrightYear\":\"2026\",\"copyrightHolder\":{\"@id\":\"https:\/\/ultimabozza.it\/#organization\"}},{\"@type\":\"WebPage\",\"@id\":\"https:\/\/ultimabozza.it\/en\/otzis-mummy-is-alive-in-the-microbial-sense-of-the-word\/\",\"url\":\"https:\/\/ultimabozza.it\/en\/otzis-mummy-is-alive-in-the-microbial-sense-of-the-word\/\",\"name\":\"\u00d6tzi's mummy is alive\u2014in the microbial sense of the word. &#8226; Ultima Bozza\",\"isPartOf\":{\"@id\":\"https:\/\/ultimabozza.it\/en\/#website\"},\"primaryImageOfPage\":{\"@id\":\"https:\/\/ultimabozza.it\/en\/otzis-mummy-is-alive-in-the-microbial-sense-of-the-word\/#primaryimage\"},\"image\":{\"@id\":\"https:\/\/ultimabozza.it\/en\/otzis-mummy-is-alive-in-the-microbial-sense-of-the-word\/#primaryimage\"},\"thumbnailUrl\":\"https:\/\/ultimabozza.it\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/06\/Otzi-Quinson-1.jpg\",\"datePublished\":\"2026-06-18T10:57:43+00:00\",\"dateModified\":\"2026-06-18T13:54:18+00:00\",\"description\":\"A genomic analysis by Eurac Research reveals intact Copper Age bacteria in the gut and active glacial yeasts on the skin. 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